_______involves setting objectives and developing appropriate courses of action to achieve these objectives.

Option 1 -> Controlling involves monitoring performance, comparing actual results with planned objectives, and taking corrective action when necessary.

Option 2 -> Directing involves guiding, leading, motivating, and supervising employees to work towards organizational goals.

Option 3 -> Planning involves setting objectives and determining the appropriate courses of action needed to achieve these objectives.

Option 4 -> Organising involves arranging and structuring resources, tasks, and responsibilities to implement the plans effectively.

Hence, Option 3: Planning -> Planning is the primary management function that involves setting objectives and developing strategies, policies, and action plans to achieve those objectives. It answers questions like "what to do," "how to do," and "when to do" to reach organizational goals. -> correct