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If a⃗=a1i^+a2j^+a3k^\vec{a} = a_1\hat{i} + a_2\hat{j} + a_3\hat{k} and b⃗=b1i^+b2j^+b3k^\vec{b} = b_1\hat{i} + b_2\hat{j} + b_3\hat{k} are two non zero vectors inclined at an angle θ\theta, then identify the correct option out of the given options.

(a) cos⁡θ=a⃗⋅b⃗∣a⃗∣⋅∣b⃗∣\cos\theta = \frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}| \cdot |\vec{b}|}

(b) a⃗\vec{a} and b⃗\vec{b} are perpendicular, if a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=0a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 = 0

(c) a⃗\vec{a} and b⃗\vec{b} are perpendicular, if a1b1=a2b2≠c1c2\frac{a_1}{b_1} = \frac{a_2}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2}

(d) for θ=π\theta = \pi, a⃗×b⃗=0\vec{a} \times \vec{b} = 0

(e) cos⁡θ=∣a⃗×b⃗∣∣a⃗∣⋅∣b⃗∣\cos\theta = \frac{|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|}{|\vec{a}| \cdot |\vec{b}|}

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below

Solution

✅ Correct Option: 1

(a) Standard formula for angle: cos⁡θ=a⃗⋅b⃗∣a⃗∣∣b⃗∣\cos\theta = \frac{\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|} -- correct.

(b) Perpendicular iff a⃗⋅b⃗=0\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}=0, i.e., a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=0a_1b_1+a_2b_2+a_3b_3=0 -- correct.

(c) Wrong: this is the parallel (proportional) condition.

(d) For θ=π\theta=\pi, sin⁡π=0\sin\pi=0, so a⃗×b⃗=0⃗\vec{a}\times\vec{b}=\vec{0} -- correct.

(e) Wrong: that ratio equals sin⁡θ\sin\theta, not cos⁡θ\cos\theta.

So (a), (b), (d) are correct.

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