Solution
From the passage:
The writer argues for science-based approaches, behaviour change backed by incentives and penalties, and treating clean air as a shared public good. They also stress that air quality improvement requires coordination between the Centre, states, and municipal bodies.
Option 1 → Governments at all levels should be involved in tackling the problem of air pollution → Incorrect
The writer clearly says this is a multi-level responsibility. They make it explicit that the Centre alone cannot fix the problem and that state and municipal governments must be involved. So this point is made.
Option 2 → Scientific methods are needed to address the problem of air pollution → Incorrect
The writer lists “turning to science to understand, measure, and monitor the problem” as one of the three fundamental changes required. This means scientific methods are central to their proposed solution. So the point is made.
Option 3 → Polluting behaviour should be punished → Incorrect
The author argues that improving air quality requires behavioural change supported by both incentives and penalties. Penalties imply consequences or punishments for harmful actions. Therefore, the idea that polluting behaviour should face penalties is indeed part of the author’s argument.
Option 4 → Clean air is the right of every consumer → Correct
The author speaks about clean air as a public good and as part of the right to life, but never frames it as a “right of consumers.” That wording reflects a market-based or transactional perspective that the author does not use. Thus, this is the only statement the writer does not make.
Therefore, Option 4 is correct.