Identify the word closest in meaning to the underlined word:

An inglorious chapter in human history

Option 1 -> disgraceful means shameful or dishonorable, directly matching the meaning of inglorious (not glorious/lacking honor).

Option 2 -> unforgivable means something that cannot be pardoned, which is too extreme and doesn't capture the core meaning of lacking glory.

Option 3 -> mediocre means average or ordinary quality, missing the shameful/dishonorable connotation of inglorious.

Option 4 -> provocative means causing strong reactions or controversy, which is unrelated to the concept of lacking honor or glory.

Hence, Option 1: disgraceful -> "Inglorious" literally means "not glorious" or lacking honor and fame, making it synonymous with disgraceful when describing shameful or dishonorable events like a dark chapter in human history -> correct