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The benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalised). What it is called?

Solution

✅ Correct Option: 2

Externalities are benefits or harms that a firm or individual imposes on others without receiving payment or paying compensation, for example pollution from a factory harming nearby residents. Since GDP does not account for externalities, it may overstate or understate welfare.

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