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The current account is the record of trade in goods and services and transfer payments. Trade in goods includes exports and imports of goods. Trade in services includes factor income and non-factor income transactions. Transfer payments are the receipts which the residents of a country get for free, without having to provide any goods or services in return. They could be given by the government or by private citizens living abroad. Capital Account records all international transactions of assets. The capital account is in balance when capital inflows are equal to capital outflows. The essence of international payments is that just like an individual who spends more than her income must finance the difference by selling assets or by borrowing, a country that has a deficit in its current account must finance it by selling assets or by borrowing abroad. Thus, any current account deficit must be financed by a capital account surplus, that is, a net capital inflow. Apart from the current and capital accounts, there is a third element in the balance of payments called errors and omissions.

A banking service provided by a country is accounted in the element of the balance of payment.

Solution

✅ Correct Option: 2

Banking services fall under trade in services within the current account. The passage distinguishes between two types of service income:

TypeWhat It Covers
Factor IncomeReturns to factors of production—wages, rent, interest, profits earned abroad
Non-factor IncomeServices like banking, insurance, shipping, tourism, consultancy

Banking is a service export/import, not a return on a factor of production (like labor or capital investment).

When a country provides banking services to foreign clients, it earns foreign exchange through a commercial service transaction—placing it in the non-factor income category.


Transfer Payments —> These involve no goods or services in return (e.g., remittances, foreign aid)

Capital Account —> This records asset transactions, not service flows

Factor Income —> This would apply if we were discussing interest earned on foreign investments, not the banking service itself

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