Net borrowing at home included which of the following?

Option 1 -> Refers to government borrowing from domestic sources through bonds, securities, and treasury bills sold to the public within the country.

Option 2 -> While this is also domestic borrowing, it specifically refers to borrowing from the central banking system, which is a separate component.

Option 3 -> This is a deficit measure (total expenditure minus total revenue), not a borrowing source itself.

Option 4 -> This is external borrowing, not domestic ("at home") borrowing.

Hence, Option 1: directly borrowed from the public through debt instruments -> Net borrowing at home represents the government's net domestic liabilities, primarily comprising market borrowings from the public through instruments like government bonds, treasury bills, and dated securities. This excludes external borrowing (borrowing from abroad) and represents only the domestic component of government borrowing. It is the direct way government raises funds from citizens and domestic institutions within the country's financial markets -> correct