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Q1:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

Suppose that labour costs were the only part of the total cost of producing goods to have risen since the mid—1960s. What is the relevance of this information to the passage?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q2:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

With which of the following general statements would the author most likely NOT agree?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q3:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

Which of the following would most weaken the author's argument about the over—concentration on high technology products?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q4:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

Adopting the author's views as presented in the passage would most likely mean acknowledging that:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q5:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

The author of this passage would probably give his greatest support to which of the following actions by the corporate management of an American company?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q6:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Hard

In the decades following World War II, American business had undisputed control of the world economy, producing goods of such high quality and low cost that foreign corporations were unable to compete. But in the mid—1960s the United States began to lose its advantage and by the 1980s American corporations lagged behind the competition in many industries. In the computer chip industry, for example, American corporations had lost most of both domestic and foreign markets by the early 1980s. The first analysts to examine the decline of American business blamed the U.S. government. They argued that stringent governmental restrictions on the behaviour of American corporations, combined with the wholehearted support given to foreign firms by their governments, created an environment in which American products could not compete. Later analysts blamed predatory corporate raiders who bought corporations, not to make them more competitive in the face of foreign competition, but rather to sell off the most lucrative divisions for huge profits. Still later analysts blamed the American workforce, citing labour demands and poor productivity as the reasons American corporations have been unable to compete with Japanese and European firms. Finally, a few analysts even censured American consumers for their unpatriotic purchases of foreign goods. The blame actually lies with corporate management, which has made serious errors based on misconceptions about what it takes to be successful in the marketplace. These missteps involve labour costs, production choices, and growth strategies. Even though labour costs typically account for less than 15% of a product's total cost, management has been quick to blame the costs of workers' wages for driving up prices, making American goods uncompetitive. As a result of attempts to minimize the cost of wages, American corporations have had trouble recruiting and retaining skilled workers. The emphasis on cost minimization has also led to another blunder: an over—concentration on high technology products. Many foreign firms began by specializing in the mass production and sale of low technology products, gaining valuable experience and earning tremendous profits. Later, these corporations were able to break into high technology markets without much trouble; they simply applied their previous manufacturing experience and ample financial resources to the production of higher quality goods. American business has consistently ignored this very sensible approach. The recent rash of corporate mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. has not helped the situation either. While American firms have neglected long—range planning and production, preferring instead to reap fast profits through mergers and acquisitions, foreign firms have been quick to exploit opportunities to ensure their domination over future markets by investing in the streamlining and modernisation of their facilities.

Economics experts have asserted that the American share of foreign and domestic markets was no greater in the 1950s than in the 1980s. If true, this would cause the author to modify the claim that:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q7:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

A metaphor is a poetic device that dances in comparison, illuminating the shared essence between two seemingly dissimilar entities. In its simplest form, one object transcends its identity to become another, much like the phrase "love is a rose." At first glance, this conjures an image of delicate beauty, yet within this simple metaphor lies a tapestry of meaning—hence the allure poets find in such expressions over other forms of figurative language. Poets weave their words to encapsulate the depth of their emotional experiences, striving to invite us into a world where their vision of love stirs within us, allowing us to nod in understanding and respond, "Ah, I see what you mean." Let us delve into this tender metaphor of love and the rose to unveil its layered significance. A rose possesses remarkable virtues: breathtaking beauty, velvety petals that beckon to be touched, and an aroma that wraps around the senses like a gentle embrace. It is a symphony for the senses, inviting the eye to feast upon its vibrant hues and coaxing the heart into a whisper of admiration. Shouldn't love, too, be as exquisite and seemingly flawless? Yet, this enchanting image is not devoid of complexity: a rose bears thorns. This poignant detail enriches the metaphor's narrative. If the poet's aim was to portray love as solely radiant, a daisy or a mum might suffice. Instead, the choice of the rose reveals that love, while nuanced and beautiful, can also conceal deeper shadows. When one reaches out with unwavering trust to engage with the object of their affection, a thorn can pierce, delivering a jolt of pain. The metaphor serves as a gentle admonition: while love envelops us in delightful sensations, it can also overwhelm and inflict heartache. This encapsulates the poet's perspective on love—a nuanced, cautionary tale. The essence? It took nearly 14 sentences to convey what a simple metaphor can whisper in just five words. Such is the artistry and magic held within the delicate framework of the metaphor.

The main idea of this passage is

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q8:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

A metaphor is a poetic device that dances in comparison, illuminating the shared essence between two seemingly dissimilar entities. In its simplest form, one object transcends its identity to become another, much like the phrase "love is a rose." At first glance, this conjures an image of delicate beauty, yet within this simple metaphor lies a tapestry of meaning—hence the allure poets find in such expressions over other forms of figurative language. Poets weave their words to encapsulate the depth of their emotional experiences, striving to invite us into a world where their vision of love stirs within us, allowing us to nod in understanding and respond, "Ah, I see what you mean." Let us delve into this tender metaphor of love and the rose to unveil its layered significance. A rose possesses remarkable virtues: breathtaking beauty, velvety petals that beckon to be touched, and an aroma that wraps around the senses like a gentle embrace. It is a symphony for the senses, inviting the eye to feast upon its vibrant hues and coaxing the heart into a whisper of admiration. Shouldn't love, too, be as exquisite and seemingly flawless? Yet, this enchanting image is not devoid of complexity: a rose bears thorns. This poignant detail enriches the metaphor's narrative. If the poet's aim was to portray love as solely radiant, a daisy or a mum might suffice. Instead, the choice of the rose reveals that love, while nuanced and beautiful, can also conceal deeper shadows. When one reaches out with unwavering trust to engage with the object of their affection, a thorn can pierce, delivering a jolt of pain. The metaphor serves as a gentle admonition: while love envelops us in delightful sensations, it can also overwhelm and inflict heartache. This encapsulates the poet's perspective on love—a nuanced, cautionary tale. The essence? It took nearly 14 sentences to convey what a simple metaphor can whisper in just five words. Such is the artistry and magic held within the delicate framework of the metaphor.

It can be inferred that a metaphor is

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q9:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

A metaphor is a poetic device that dances in comparison, illuminating the shared essence between two seemingly dissimilar entities. In its simplest form, one object transcends its identity to become another, much like the phrase "love is a rose." At first glance, this conjures an image of delicate beauty, yet within this simple metaphor lies a tapestry of meaning—hence the allure poets find in such expressions over other forms of figurative language. Poets weave their words to encapsulate the depth of their emotional experiences, striving to invite us into a world where their vision of love stirs within us, allowing us to nod in understanding and respond, "Ah, I see what you mean." Let us delve into this tender metaphor of love and the rose to unveil its layered significance. A rose possesses remarkable virtues: breathtaking beauty, velvety petals that beckon to be touched, and an aroma that wraps around the senses like a gentle embrace. It is a symphony for the senses, inviting the eye to feast upon its vibrant hues and coaxing the heart into a whisper of admiration. Shouldn't love, too, be as exquisite and seemingly flawless? Yet, this enchanting image is not devoid of complexity: a rose bears thorns. This poignant detail enriches the metaphor's narrative. If the poet's aim was to portray love as solely radiant, a daisy or a mum might suffice. Instead, the choice of the rose reveals that love, while nuanced and beautiful, can also conceal deeper shadows. When one reaches out with unwavering trust to engage with the object of their affection, a thorn can pierce, delivering a jolt of pain. The metaphor serves as a gentle admonition: while love envelops us in delightful sensations, it can also overwhelm and inflict heartache. This encapsulates the poet's perspective on love—a nuanced, cautionary tale. The essence? It took nearly 14 sentences to convey what a simple metaphor can whisper in just five words. Such is the artistry and magic held within the delicate framework of the metaphor.

According to the passage, thorns

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q10:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

A metaphor is a poetic device that dances in comparison, illuminating the shared essence between two seemingly dissimilar entities. In its simplest form, one object transcends its identity to become another, much like the phrase "love is a rose." At first glance, this conjures an image of delicate beauty, yet within this simple metaphor lies a tapestry of meaning—hence the allure poets find in such expressions over other forms of figurative language. Poets weave their words to encapsulate the depth of their emotional experiences, striving to invite us into a world where their vision of love stirs within us, allowing us to nod in understanding and respond, "Ah, I see what you mean." Let us delve into this tender metaphor of love and the rose to unveil its layered significance. A rose possesses remarkable virtues: breathtaking beauty, velvety petals that beckon to be touched, and an aroma that wraps around the senses like a gentle embrace. It is a symphony for the senses, inviting the eye to feast upon its vibrant hues and coaxing the heart into a whisper of admiration. Shouldn't love, too, be as exquisite and seemingly flawless? Yet, this enchanting image is not devoid of complexity: a rose bears thorns. This poignant detail enriches the metaphor's narrative. If the poet's aim was to portray love as solely radiant, a daisy or a mum might suffice. Instead, the choice of the rose reveals that love, while nuanced and beautiful, can also conceal deeper shadows. When one reaches out with unwavering trust to engage with the object of their affection, a thorn can pierce, delivering a jolt of pain. The metaphor serves as a gentle admonition: while love envelops us in delightful sensations, it can also overwhelm and inflict heartache. This encapsulates the poet's perspective on love—a nuanced, cautionary tale. The essence? It took nearly 14 sentences to convey what a simple metaphor can whisper in just five words. Such is the artistry and magic held within the delicate framework of the metaphor.

According to the passage, the author's intention is

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q11:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

A metaphor is a poetic device that dances in comparison, illuminating the shared essence between two seemingly dissimilar entities. In its simplest form, one object transcends its identity to become another, much like the phrase "love is a rose." At first glance, this conjures an image of delicate beauty, yet within this simple metaphor lies a tapestry of meaning—hence the allure poets find in such expressions over other forms of figurative language. Poets weave their words to encapsulate the depth of their emotional experiences, striving to invite us into a world where their vision of love stirs within us, allowing us to nod in understanding and respond, "Ah, I see what you mean." Let us delve into this tender metaphor of love and the rose to unveil its layered significance. A rose possesses remarkable virtues: breathtaking beauty, velvety petals that beckon to be touched, and an aroma that wraps around the senses like a gentle embrace. It is a symphony for the senses, inviting the eye to feast upon its vibrant hues and coaxing the heart into a whisper of admiration. Shouldn't love, too, be as exquisite and seemingly flawless? Yet, this enchanting image is not devoid of complexity: a rose bears thorns. This poignant detail enriches the metaphor's narrative. If the poet's aim was to portray love as solely radiant, a daisy or a mum might suffice. Instead, the choice of the rose reveals that love, while nuanced and beautiful, can also conceal deeper shadows. When one reaches out with unwavering trust to engage with the object of their affection, a thorn can pierce, delivering a jolt of pain. The metaphor serves as a gentle admonition: while love envelops us in delightful sensations, it can also overwhelm and inflict heartache. This encapsulates the poet's perspective on love—a nuanced, cautionary tale. The essence? It took nearly 14 sentences to convey what a simple metaphor can whisper in just five words. Such is the artistry and magic held within the delicate framework of the metaphor.

It can be inferred that the true meaning of the love is a rose metaphor is that

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q12:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you're being lied to. It's true that plastic pollution is a huge problem of planetary proportions. And it's true we could all do more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that the blame for the plastic problem lies with wasteful consumers, and that changing our individual habits will fix it. Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic - the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium - is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of the massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place. As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight the dangers posed by the absorption of toxic chemicals in water and by plastic odors that mimic some species' natural food. Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingesting it ourselves in seafood. Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage the public to be environmental stewards. At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem: the role corporate polluters play in the plastic crisis. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate greenwashing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behaviour and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. The greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming a trusted name in the environmental movement. So what can we do to make responsible plastic use a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth, and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world's oceans. Recycling is also too difficult in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to work well.

In the second paragraph, the phrase "what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper" means:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q13:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you're being lied to. It's true that plastic pollution is a huge problem of planetary proportions. And it's true we could all do more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that the blame for the plastic problem lies with wasteful consumers, and that changing our individual habits will fix it. Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic - the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium - is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of the massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place. As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight the dangers posed by the absorption of toxic chemicals in water and by plastic odors that mimic some species' natural food. Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingesting it ourselves in seafood. Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage the public to be environmental stewards. At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem: the role corporate polluters play in the plastic crisis. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate greenwashing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behaviour and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. The greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming a trusted name in the environmental movement. So what can we do to make responsible plastic use a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth, and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world's oceans. Recycling is also too difficult in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to work well.

In the first paragraph, the author uses "lie" to refer to the:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q14:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you're being lied to. It's true that plastic pollution is a huge problem of planetary proportions. And it's true we could all do more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that the blame for the plastic problem lies with wasteful consumers, and that changing our individual habits will fix it. Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic - the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium - is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of the massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place. As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight the dangers posed by the absorption of toxic chemicals in water and by plastic odors that mimic some species' natural food. Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingesting it ourselves in seafood. Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage the public to be environmental stewards. At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem: the role corporate polluters play in the plastic crisis. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate greenwashing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behaviour and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. The greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming a trusted name in the environmental movement. So what can we do to make responsible plastic use a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth, and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world's oceans. Recycling is also too difficult in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to work well.

The author lists all of the following as negative effects of the use of plastics EXCEPT the following:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q15:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you're being lied to. It's true that plastic pollution is a huge problem of planetary proportions. And it's true we could all do more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that the blame for the plastic problem lies with wasteful consumers, and that changing our individual habits will fix it. Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic - the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium - is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of the massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place. As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight the dangers posed by the absorption of toxic chemicals in water and by plastic odors that mimic some species' natural food. Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingesting it ourselves in seafood. Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage the public to be environmental stewards. At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem: the role corporate polluters play in the plastic crisis. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate greenwashing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behaviour and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. The greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming a trusted name in the environmental movement. So what can we do to make responsible plastic use a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth, and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world's oceans. Recycling is also too difficult in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to work well.

Which of the following interventions would the author most strongly support:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q16:

2026

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you're being lied to. It's true that plastic pollution is a huge problem of planetary proportions. And it's true we could all do more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that the blame for the plastic problem lies with wasteful consumers, and that changing our individual habits will fix it. Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic - the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium - is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of the massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place. As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight the dangers posed by the absorption of toxic chemicals in water and by plastic odors that mimic some species' natural food. Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingesting it ourselves in seafood. Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage the public to be environmental stewards. At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem: the role corporate polluters play in the plastic crisis. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate greenwashing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behaviour and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. The greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming a trusted name in the environmental movement. So what can we do to make responsible plastic use a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth, and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world's oceans. Recycling is also too difficult in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to work well.

It can be inferred that the author considers the Keep America Beautiful organisation:

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q17:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Which of the following is/are synonyms of scepticism $$\newline$$ I. Cynicism $\newline$ II. Belief $\newline$ III. Distrust $\newline$ IV. Conviction

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q18:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Which of the following is/are antonyms of spawned? $$\newline$$ I. Destroyed $\newline$ II. Engender $\newline$ III. Procreated $\newline$ IV. Sired

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q19:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Drawing from the first paragraph, which of the following could weaken the importance of adding 4.1 million jobs to the economy as per the CSO report? $$\newline$$ I. The report is silent about the majority of the workforce engaged in the informal sector. $\newline$ II. The formal sector accounts for about 12-15% of India's workforce. $\newline$ III. The estimates supplement the data on organised sector employment reported regularly by the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q20:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Which of the following is a suitable gist of paragraph 3?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q21:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Which of the following is/are some features of the non-farm informal labour markets? $$\newline$$ I. The non-farm informal labour markets have grown in recent decades. $\newline$ II. Almost all workers are self-employed or engaged in unpaid labour. $\newline$ III. Disguised employment is prevalent in the non-farm informal labour markets

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q22:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) recently reported adding 4.1 million jobs in the formal sector, defined as those with government-mandated social security benefits like the Employees' Provident Fund. Over the past few months, similar estimates have been released by NITI Aayog and official economists, provoking scepticism from informed observers. $\newline$ The reliability of the official estimates is questionable for two reasons. First, they are based on administrative records from social security schemes, whose completeness and accuracy are uncertain. Second, formal sector workers can access multiple schemes, creating a risk of double counting. As the report fails to clarify how this issue is managed, leading experts sought to release administrative data for independent verification. $\newline$ Furthermore, the official data faces a conceptual issue. The social schemes outlined previously apply only to establishments that meet a specific employment threshold and pertain to certain types of enterprises. For example, companies with 20 or more employees in the manufacturing sector must provide the Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) to all workers. Consequently, if a factory's workforce increases from 19 to 20 employees, it will fall under the purview of the EPF regulations. Herein lies the fault. $\newline$ The formal sector stands at the apex of India's labour market pyramid, with agriculture at the bottom, employing 50% of the workforce. The remaining workers are in the non-farm informal sector, spread across rural and urban areas. This sector has grown in recent decades at the expense of the other two above mentioned sectors. Moreover, nearly half of the informal labour workers are self-employed in household (or own account) enterprises, often engaging in unpaid family labour. A defining characteristic of informal labour markets is varying degrees of underemployment or disguised unemployment. $\newline$ Since 1972-73, the five-yearly Employment-Unemployment Surveys (EUS) by the National Sample Survey (NSS) have been essential for analysing labour market trends. While infrequent, these surveys have offered valuable insights into the complexities of the labour market; access to household-level data lately has spawned rich and granular analyses of the informal economy. $\newline$ The last EUS was conducted in 2011-12, leaving no reliable means to update employment trends. An annual Periodic Labour Force Survey has replaced the EUS. Still, it will take time for these new datasets to provide stable estimates. Meanwhile, the Labour Bureau has conducted household surveys since 2010-11, revealing a decline in the worker-population ratio between 2013-14 and 2015-16, indicating a deteriorating employment situation.

Which of the following is/are true? $$\newline$$ I. The Labour Bureau conducts household surveys like the annual Period Labour Force Survey. $\newline$ II. The results of the Household Surveys point to a worsening employment situation. $\newline$ III. The NSS conducts Unemployment Surveys (EUS) every two years.

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q23:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Easy

During the bleak winter months, when gardens lie dormant, and trees are bare, the vibrant green of houseplants can be a soothing balm for our spirits. Many people visit garden stores to reconnect with nature and breathe in the freshness that reminds them of spring. With growing awareness about the harmful chemicals we introduce into our homes, like those from dry cleaning and various cleaners, there's an increasing need for plants that can improve indoor air quality. Many household products release chemicals such as formaldehyde, chlorine, and benzene, which can mimic allergy symptoms during winter when windows are shut. This reaction may stem from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Fortunately, research shows that certain houseplants can help filter these harmful substances, promoting a healthier living environment. Ferns and palms are effective at removing chemicals from the air in homes. They release moisture during photosynthesis, drawing pollutants into their leaves. NASA has even found that palms can eliminate traces of formaldehyde quickly in controlled environments. Both plants are ancient, over a hundred million years old, and can live for 100 years or more. Their longevity and ability to grow tall (up to 65 feet) may enhance their environmental purifying qualities.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q24:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

During the bleak winter months, when gardens lie dormant, and trees are bare, the vibrant green of houseplants can be a soothing balm for our spirits. Many people visit garden stores to reconnect with nature and breathe in the freshness that reminds them of spring. With growing awareness about the harmful chemicals we introduce into our homes, like those from dry cleaning and various cleaners, there's an increasing need for plants that can improve indoor air quality. Many household products release chemicals such as formaldehyde, chlorine, and benzene, which can mimic allergy symptoms during winter when windows are shut. This reaction may stem from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Fortunately, research shows that certain houseplants can help filter these harmful substances, promoting a healthier living environment. Ferns and palms are effective at removing chemicals from the air in homes. They release moisture during photosynthesis, drawing pollutants into their leaves. NASA has even found that palms can eliminate traces of formaldehyde quickly in controlled environments. Both plants are ancient, over a hundred million years old, and can live for 100 years or more. Their longevity and ability to grow tall (up to 65 feet) may enhance their environmental purifying qualities.

According to the passage, when a few harmful chemicals combine, they can

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q25:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

During the bleak winter months, when gardens lie dormant, and trees are bare, the vibrant green of houseplants can be a soothing balm for our spirits. Many people visit garden stores to reconnect with nature and breathe in the freshness that reminds them of spring. $$\newline$$ With growing awareness about the harmful chemicals we introduce into our homes, like those from dry cleaning and various cleaners, there's an increasing need for plants that can improve indoor air quality. Many household products release chemicals such as formaldehyde, chlorine, and benzene, which can mimic allergy symptoms during winter when windows are shut. This reaction may stem from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Fortunately, research shows that certain houseplants can help filter these harmful substances, promoting a healthier living environment. $$\newline$$ Ferns and palms are effective at removing chemicals from the air in homes. They release moisture during photosynthesis, drawing pollutants into their leaves. NASA has even found that palms can eliminate traces of formaldehyde quickly in controlled environments. Both plants are ancient, over a hundred million years old, and can live for 100 years or more. Their longevity and ability to grow tall (up to 65 feet) may enhance their environmental purifying qualities.

The passage indicates that research

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q26:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

During the bleak winter months, when gardens lie dormant, and trees are bare, the vibrant green of houseplants can be a soothing balm for our spirits. Many people visit garden stores to reconnect with nature and breathe in the freshness that reminds them of spring. With growing awareness about the harmful chemicals we introduce into our homes, like those from dry cleaning and various cleaners, there's an increasing need for plants that can improve indoor air quality. Many household products release chemicals such as formaldehyde, chlorine, and benzene, which can mimic allergy symptoms during winter when windows are shut. This reaction may stem from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Fortunately, research shows that certain houseplants can help filter these harmful substances, promoting a healthier living environment. Ferns and palms are effective at removing chemicals from the air in homes. They release moisture during photosynthesis, drawing pollutants into their leaves. NASA has even found that palms can eliminate traces of formaldehyde quickly in controlled environments. Both plants are ancient, over a hundred million years old, and can live for 100 years or more. Their longevity and ability to grow tall (up to 65 feet) may enhance their environmental purifying qualities.

The passage infers a relationship between the antiquity of ferns and palms and their ability to

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q27:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

During the bleak winter months, when gardens lie dormant, and trees are bare, the vibrant green of houseplants can be a soothing balm for our spirits. Many people visit garden stores to reconnect with nature and breathe in the freshness that reminds them of spring. $$\newline$$ With growing awareness about the harmful chemicals we introduce into our homes, like those from dry cleaning and various cleaners, there's an increasing need for plants that can improve indoor air quality. Many household products release chemicals such as formaldehyde, chlorine, and benzene, which can mimic allergy symptoms during winter when windows are shut. This reaction may stem from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Fortunately, research shows that certain houseplants can help filter these harmful substances, promoting a healthier living environment. $$\newline$$ Ferns and palms are effective at removing chemicals from the air in homes. They release moisture during photosynthesis, drawing pollutants into their leaves. NASA has even found that palms can eliminate traces of formaldehyde quickly in controlled environments. Both plants are ancient, over a hundred million years old, and can live for 100 years or more. Their longevity and ability to grow tall (up to 65 feet) may enhance their environmental purifying qualities.

A good title for this passage is

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q28:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Easy

Despite technological advances and sufficient food production, one in three people globally lacks access to proper nutrition, with around 800 million going to bed hungry each night. Poor diets are now the leading risk factor for global disease, surpassing the combined impacts of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. Women and children are especially affected, with 156 million stunted children in the world, two-fifths of women anaemic, and millions facing malnutrition. To address these issues, the third target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 aims to halve global food waste and reduce losses along the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates global food loss at \$1 trillion, enough to feed those hungry, particularly in countries like India, which produces enough food for its population of 1.3 billion. The SDGs have spotlighted food loss and waste, and we are beginning to see more attentive discussion on the subject. At the recently held Food Congress in Dusseldorf in early May 2017, the focus was on identifying possible solutions through better farming practices, the use of technology, better information, changes in consumer behaviour, etc. Estimates of "food waste and food loss" range between 30% and 50% for developed and emerging countries. Due to poor infrastructure, food waste is prevalent at home in developed nations and during harvesting and transport in developing countries. In India, inadequate cold storage contributes to significant food loss, emphasising the need for investment in this area. This wastage squanders resources, depletes nutrition, and affects the economy, with a 40% food loss of about \$7.5 billion. The Global Nutrition Report 2016 has highlighted India's overall tardy progress in addressing chronic undernutrition, manifest in stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency or "hidden hunger". India, home to a quarter of the world's undernourished, faces challenges in workforce productivity and economic potential. To enhance agricultural growth, India must increase investment in research, diversify crops, and adopt technological innovations. Addressing food loss through better infrastructure, information systems, and public-private partnerships is crucial for transforming the agricultural landscape and improving food security.

Target 3 for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 is about

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q29:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

Despite technological advances and sufficient food production, one in three people globally lacks access to proper nutrition, with around 800 million going to bed hungry each night. Poor diets are now the leading risk factor for global disease, surpassing the combined impacts of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. Women and children are especially affected, with 156 million stunted children in the world, two-fifths of women anaemic, and millions facing malnutrition. To address these issues, the third target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 aims to halve global food waste and reduce losses along the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates global food loss at \$1 trillion, enough to feed those hungry, particularly in countries like India, which produces enough food for its population of 1.3 billion. The SDGs have spotlighted food loss and waste, and we are beginning to see more attentive discussion on the subject. At the recently held Food Congress in Dusseldorf in early May 2017, the focus was on identifying possible solutions through better farming practices, the use of technology, better information, changes in consumer behaviour, etc. Estimates of "food waste and food loss" range between 30% and 50% for developed and emerging countries. Due to poor infrastructure, food waste is prevalent at home in developed nations and during harvesting and transport in developing countries. In India, inadequate cold storage contributes to significant food loss, emphasising the need for investment in this area. This wastage squanders resources, depletes nutrition, and affects the economy, with a 40% food loss of about \$7.5 billion. The Global Nutrition Report 2016 has highlighted India's overall tardy progress in addressing chronic undernutrition, manifest in stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency or "hidden hunger". India, home to a quarter of the world's undernourished, faces challenges in workforce productivity and economic potential. To enhance agricultural growth, India must increase investment in research, diversify crops, and adopt technological innovations. Addressing food loss through better infrastructure, information systems, and public-private partnerships is crucial for transforming the agricultural landscape and improving food security.

Consider the following statements regarding the recently held Food Congress $$\newline$$ I. It was held in Mumbai $\newline$ II. It is an Indian initiative for the world. $$\newline$$ Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 3
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q30:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Easy

Despite technological advances and sufficient food production, one in three people globally lacks access to proper nutrition, with around 800 million going to bed hungry each night. Poor diets are now the leading risk factor for global disease, surpassing the combined impacts of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. Women and children are especially affected, with 156 million stunted children in the world, two-fifths of women anaemic, and millions facing malnutrition. To address these issues, the third target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 aims to halve global food waste and reduce losses along the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates global food loss at \$1 trillion, enough to feed those hungry, particularly in countries like India, which produces enough food for its population of 1.3 billion. The SDGs have spotlighted food loss and waste, and we are beginning to see more attentive discussion on the subject. At the recently held Food Congress in Dusseldorf in early May 2017, the focus was on identifying possible solutions through better farming practices, the use of technology, better information, changes in consumer behaviour, etc. Estimates of "food waste and food loss" range between 30% and 50% for developed and emerging countries. Due to poor infrastructure, food waste is prevalent at home in developed nations and during harvesting and transport in developing countries. In India, inadequate cold storage contributes to significant food loss, emphasising the need for investment in this area. This wastage squanders resources, depletes nutrition, and affects the economy, with a 40% food loss of about \$7.5 billion. The Global Nutrition Report 2016 has highlighted India's overall tardy progress in addressing chronic undernutrition, manifest in stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency or "hidden hunger". India, home to a quarter of the world's undernourished, faces challenges in workforce productivity and economic potential. To enhance agricultural growth, India must increase investment in research, diversify crops, and adopt technological innovations. Addressing food loss through better infrastructure, information systems, and public-private partnerships is crucial for transforming the agricultural landscape and improving food security.

According to the passage, what is the reason behind the 'food loss' problem in emerging economies?

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Correct Answer
Option 4
Correct Answer
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Q31:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Medium

Despite technological advances and sufficient food production, one in three people globally lacks access to proper nutrition, with around 800 million going to bed hungry each night. Poor diets are now the leading risk factor for global disease, surpassing the combined impacts of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. Women and children are especially affected, with 156 million stunted children in the world, two-fifths of women anaemic, and millions facing malnutrition. To address these issues, the third target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 aims to halve global food waste and reduce losses along the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates global food loss at $1 trillion, enough to feed those hungry, particularly in countries like India, which produces enough food for its population of 1.3 billion. The SDGs have spotlighted food loss and waste, and we are beginning to see more attentive discussion on the subject. At the recently held Food Congress in Dusseldorf in early May 2017, the focus was on identifying possible solutions through better farming practices, the use of technology, better information, changes in consumer behaviour, etc. Estimates of "food waste and food loss" range between 30% and 50% for developed and emerging countries. Due to poor infrastructure, food waste is prevalent at home in developed nations and during harvesting and transport in developing countries. In India, inadequate cold storage contributes to significant food loss, emphasising the need for investment in this area. This wastage squanders resources, depletes nutrition, and affects the economy, with a 40% food loss of about $7.5 billion. The Global Nutrition Report 2016 has highlighted India's overall tardy progress in addressing chronic undernutrition, manifest in stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency or "hidden hunger". India, home to a quarter of the world's undernourished, faces challenges in workforce productivity and economic potential. To enhance agricultural growth, India must increase investment in research, diversify crops, and adopt technological innovations. Addressing food loss through better infrastructure, information systems, and public-private partnerships is crucial for transforming the agricultural landscape and improving food security.

Which of the following is/are correct as an inference from the passage $$\newline$$ I. Agricultural practices should be carried out traditionally to improve productivity. $\newline$ II. Better infrastructure supports agricultural output.

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Correct Answer
Option 2
Correct Answer
Explanation →

Q32:

BMSAT Kozhikode 2025

VA > Reading Comprehension

Conceptual

Despite technological advances and sufficient food production, one in three people globally lacks access to proper nutrition, with around 800 million going to bed hungry each night. Poor diets are now the leading risk factor for global disease, surpassing the combined impacts of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. Women and children are especially affected, with 156 million stunted children in the world, two-fifths of women anaemic, and millions facing malnutrition. To address these issues, the third target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 aims to halve global food waste and reduce losses along the supply chain. The Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates global food loss at \$1 trillion, enough to feed those hungry, particularly in countries like India, which produces enough food for its population of 1.3 billion. The SDGs have spotlighted food loss and waste, and we are beginning to see more attentive discussion on the subject. At the recently held Food Congress in Dusseldorf in early May 2017, the focus was on identifying possible solutions through better farming practices, the use of technology, better information, changes in consumer behaviour, etc. Estimates of "food waste and food loss" range between 30% and 50% for developed and emerging countries. Due to poor infrastructure, food waste is prevalent at home in developed nations and during harvesting and transport in developing countries. In India, inadequate cold storage contributes to significant food loss, emphasising the need for investment in this area. This wastage squanders resources, depletes nutrition, and affects the economy, with a 40% food loss of about \$7.5 billion. The Global Nutrition Report 2016 has highlighted India's overall tardy progress in addressing chronic undernutrition, manifest in stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency or "hidden hunger". India, home to a quarter of the world's undernourished, faces challenges in workforce productivity and economic potential. To enhance agricultural growth, India must increase investment in research, diversify crops, and adopt technological innovations. Addressing food loss through better infrastructure, information systems, and public-private partnerships is crucial for transforming the agricultural landscape and improving food security.

What is 'Hidden Hunger'?

Answer options
Correct Answer
Option 1
Correct Answer
Explanation →

BMSAT Kozhikode Past Year Questions (Topic-Wise):

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Geometry

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Modern Math

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Number System

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Critical Reasoning

  • Statement & Conclusion

Verbal Ability

  • Reading Comprehension
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