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__________ refer to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalised).

Solution

Correct Option: 3

Externalities are the benefits or costs that affect parties not directly involved in a transaction and for which no compensation is paid or penalty imposed. They can be positive (like a well-maintained garden benefiting neighbours) or negative (like factory pollution harming residents). This is a limitation of GDP as a welfare measure.

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